An analysis of Critical Race Theory

An analysis of Critical expedite TheoryCritical pass Theory (cathode-ray tube) was pioneered in the mid(prenominal)- 1970s, by who is considered to be the God Father of cathode-ray tube, Mr. Derrick cost, a professor at the late York University School of Law. He was non only angered by what he viewed as the slow give of racial reform in the United States, but he also held that the gains brought about by the courteous rights laws of the 1960s were beingness eroded in the 1970s ( Discoverthenet laps.org). Mr. bell saw how people were being mistreat and saw the need for change. Not caring how people saw him or what the said about him, he continued to move forward towards progress and the conception of Critical lead Theory. fit to Professor Bell and his fellow Critical Race theorists, existing jural structures ar, like Ameri back tooth society at large, anti-Semite(a) in their very construction. Critical Race Theory suggests that to combat this institutional racialism, opp ressed racial groups fuck off both the right and the duty to decide for themselves, which laws be valid and are worth observing. Critical Race Theory also encourages the use of storytelling narratives in law-review articles to better reflect the oral traditions of black experience (Discoverthenetworks.org). Traditions post only be shared by people via word of mouth, storytelling back in the day. Bell roofy precedence so that others to come after drop be better prepared when using the cathode-ray tube.In Bells original publication he states three major arguments in hisanalyses of racial pattern in Ameri go off Law, the Constitutional Contradiction, the Interest crossroad Principle, and the Price of Racial Remedies. In The Constitutional Contradiction, Bell argues that the framers of the Constitution chose the rewards of place over justice. With regard to the Interest Convergence, he maintains that blanks will promote racial advances for blacks only when they also promote wh ite self-interest. Fin all in ally, in The Price of Racial Remedies, Bell argues that whites will not support civil rights policies that may expose white social status. Each of his arguments sheds a various light on the traditional racial discourse (english.turkcebilgi.com). These arguments Bell stated were to learn sure that everyone knew and was aware and what was ahead of them in this defend.One of the near recent publications using the CRT guess isTalking about Race Using Critical Race Theory Recent Trends In The Journal OfMarital And Family Therapy (2004). Lau significant and McDowell state thatCRT is a useful lens that can inform MFT pr make upice in education, research, and therapy. For example, educators can use CRT to critique Eurocentric MFT curricula, incorporate marginalized voices in course readings, and engage students in critical discussions about racism and social justice. We believe CRT holds significant promise for MFT by critically considering multiple id entities, acknowledging sources of dominant ideologies, committing to social justice, creating space for marginalized voices, and spanning boundaries to build interdisciplinary knowledge of racial relationships (p.92)Another recent publication, Exploring possibilities through critical expedite conjecture Exemplary pedagogic practices for Indigenous students (2003), McDonald states in this publicationI examine the contribution that critical take to the woods theory (Ladson-Billings, 1998, 1999, 2000) can make to belowstandings of the experiences of Indigenous students in Australian schools, which continue to be a site of both struggle and possibility for Indigenous people. Recent government reports (Department of Education Science and Training, 2002 Yunupingu, 1995) prevail concluded that there aim been consider sufficient improvements in the educational status of Indigenous Australians since the introduction of the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait island-dweller Educatio n Policy (Department of Employment Education and Training, 1989). However, inequities remain. These inequities are clearly evident in the area of vicarious education. critical hasten theory should remind Australian researchers to draw on the specific experiential and keep d consume knowledges of Indigenous Australians (Moreton-Robinson, 2000) expressed in academic studentship, community discourses and in public expression through the humanistic discipline to examine the persistence of race and racism within Australian society, a persistence often denied in a society where a mania for formal equating contributes to the insidious denial of racism which infiltrates constitution and political discourse (Jonas, 2002).These authors and publications give credit to the Critical Race Theory, for example with the Indigenous Students, because they are not treated equally with the non indigenous students. This can definitely be compared to Br avouch vs. Board of Education. CRT is touch with the idea of inescapable and inherent racism. In the American sound system, as well as with the reproducible application of racial subordination and discrimination in the practice of law, with the exception of interest-convergence issues, in which both the white majority and minorities profit from expansion of rights (as argued by Bell in Brown vs. Board of education and the Interest- Convergence Dilemma ( Harvard Law Review 1980) (retrieved from http//reachinformation.com/ delineate/critical%20race%20theory.aspx).The fact that it is 2010 and there is still segregation in the world is a problem that should be an issue to every one, not just the indigenous people, because it is not fair to treat people differently just because they are not the same race as others. That is exactly what Mr. Bell and others fight for.The Journal of Marital and Family Therapy credits Critical Race Theory withTherapists helping clients deal with individual acts of racism (Friedlander, 1999) encourag ing clients of chroma to develop stories of strength and resistance (Killian, 2001 Milan Keiley, 2000) relying on the historical survival, resistance, and resilience of ancestors of color (Milan Keiley, 2000) openly discussing the history of race relationships and legal discrimination in the U.S, (Killian, 2001 Milan Keiley, 2000) using ethnic genograms to uncover stories of strength and adversity (Milan Keiley, 2000).(McDonald p. 9).Being able to talk to someone and to express your concerns is a bully outlet to have. The therapist needs to be well-informed and sensitive to the topic of race and racism as well, in order to help someone.This Critical Race Theory provides a foundational understanding to communication scholars in relation to the role race plays and its importance in societal issues. Scholars can take from history legion(predicate) examples of how race is depicted. Stories from people who are faced with the obstacle of racism will now have scholars have the cha nce to have their true story told, rights given and laws established.Other significant contributors to the critical race theory discourse from the 1980s to the present include Richard Delgado and Kimberl Williams Crenshaw.Delgado, in defense of Bells storytelling or narrative style, argues that people of color speak from an experience framed by racism. Delgado argues that the stories of people of color are born from a different frame of reference and therefore impart to them a voice that is different from the dominant culture of hegemonic ovalbumin and deserves to be heard. Critical race theorists believe that in order to appreciate the perspective of oppressed racial minorities, the voice of a particular contributor must be understood in terms of that individuals own narrative (www.english.turkcebilgi.com).M any people can not understand what African American people go through on a day to day basis. The same can be said for Jewish people, Arab people and other people who are not C aucasian. Our point of view, besides what is told to us through history, is all we have. Our voice often can only be expressed and explained through narratives.Kimberl Williams Crenshaw explains that the formal, legal embrace of equality was a major breakthrough in the challenge to social norm of white supremacy, but the remotion of formal barriers, although symbolically significant to all and materially significant to some, will do little to deviate the hierarchical relationship between blacks and whites ( Rossing, 2007) Yes there are laws in effect that can protect us from inequality. However, we have to take the opportunity, when it arrives and fight for what we believe.Other noteworthy contributors, in the legal field are Neil Gotanda, Cheryl I. Harris, Charles Lawrence III, Mari Matsuda, and Patricia J. Williams. Richard Delgado and dungaree Stefancic, state similar themes when writing about CRT. According to http//www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Critical_race_theory 2003A critique of liberalismStorytelling/counter storytelling and naming ones own realityRevisionist interpretations of American civil rights law and progressApplying insights from social science writing on race and racism to legal problemsStructural determinism, how the structure of legal thought or culture influences its contentThe intersections of race, sex, and political platformCritical Race Theory has also been applied in education by one scholarGloria Ladson-Billings. Critical race scholarship in education, has occurred in three waves. The first wave of studies emanated in the mid 1990s with the introduction of CRT to the field by Ladson-Billings and Tate. Parker and Solorzanos contributions followed soon thereafter. The sec wave of scholarship occurred in the late 1990s and continued through about 2004. Younger scholars like Lynn, Duncan, and Yosso became key players. Dixson and Rousseau represent the ordinal wave of new scholars who are attempting to re-introduce CRT to the f ield while creating stricter standards for how critical race theory in education is defined. Other noteworthy educators who have researched CRT are Laurence Parker, Daniel Solrzano, William Tate, Yosso, Dixson, Rousseau, and Chapman (Tate 1997).Applications of the theory commit and analyze five studies that use this theory.Judge Alex Kozinski, United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, writes Critical Race Theorists have constructed a philosophy which makes a valid exchange of ideas between the various disciplines unattainable. He writes,The radical multiculturalists views raise insuperable barriers to mutual understanding. Consider the Space Traders story. How does one have a meaningful dialogue with Derrick Bell? Because his thesis is utterly untestable, one quickly reaches a dead end after either evaluate or rejecting his assertion that white Americans would cheerfully sell all blacks to the aliens. The story is also a lever in the eye of American Jews, particularly those who risked life and limb by actively participating in the civil rights protests of the 1960s. Bell clearly implies that this was done out of tawdry self-interest. Perhaps most galling is Bells insensitiveness in making the symbol of Jewish hypocrisy the little girl who perished in the Holocaust as close to a saint as Jews have. A Jewish professor who invoked the name of Rosa position so derisively would be bitterly condemned and rightly so.(http//pediaview.com/openpedia/Critical_race_theory)Judge Kozinski, just states that fact the way CRT tries to be recognized, by way of story telling and narratives, does not give the theory and the speaker any substance because a persons word does not have much to any weight in the legal system.Judge Richard Posner of the United States Court of Appeals for the one-seventh Circuit in Chicago has labeled critical race theorists and post innovationalists the lunatic core of radical legal egalitarianism. He writes,What is most arresting ab out critical race theory is thatit turns its back on the Western tradition of rational inquiry, forswearing analysis for narrative. Rather than cite logical arguments and empirical data, critical race theorists tell stories fictional, science-fictional, quasi-fictional, autobiographical, anecdotal designed to expose the pervasive and drain racism of America today. By repudiating reasoned argumentation, the storytellers reinforce stereotypes about the intellectual capacities of nonwhites.(http//pediaview.com/openpedia/Critical_race_theory)Judge Posner suggests by his literary productions that anybody can tell a story and who knows what the law could be. There is no proof that the narratives are real as they are telling their story, all we have to go by is our word.Another application of CRT has been associated to hate crime and hate lyric legislation.In response to umpire Scaliasopinion in a paradigm hate speech case, R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul (which addressed cross burning as an act of hate speech ), Mari Matsuda and Charles R. Lawrence III presented a critical race theory argument against Scalias opinion. While Scalia posits that speech is protected independent of content, Matsuda and Lawrence argue that historical and social context is paramount. When acts of speech are acts of intimidation and threaten violence, backed up by a historical force, then those words become a utensil for social control and domination. Justice Scalia delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Chief Justice Rehnquist, Justice Kennedy, Justice Souter, and Justice Thomas joined. All 9 justices concurred in the judgment of the Court that citys ordinance was facially invalid under the First Amendment. (http//reachinformation.com/define/critical%20race%20theory.aspx)The symbolism of a burning cross, what it represents and the stories that follow, speaks volumes of what the intent is and because the Supreme Court was able to see that, and was able correctly, based on the hist ory and the stories that were told, CRT was used to put that case of racism to history.The fourth application of the Critical Race Theory deals with how the community was able to take action when students were being treated unfairly.Larson (1997) presents an example of this phenomenon in a case study of smock school administrators at a Midwestern high school. The administrators rigidly follow bureaucratic strategies of control by enacting disciplinary procedures against African American students despite growing evidence of racial tension due to outright prejudice by White teachers and tracking placements that stunted African American student progress and eventually caused the community to rise up and demand change (p.33).The school only feeds the problem of racism and unconsciously or not they are giving power to the majority students to act against them in anyway knowing no repercussions will be handed down pat(p). As parents they teach their children how to act, the race does no t matter, but for a school to reinforce that location is outrageous. When communities rise up and demand change (Deyhle and Parker, p.33) and they are in one accord, the outcome will make a difference.The final application I would like to use is how Latino Immigrants were made to feel subscript.According to Ladson-Billings, the narrative that we are all immigrants blames Latino immigrants themselves for their marginalization by saying they do not work as hard as previous European immigrants. In this way, Ladson-Billings (in this volume) argues that CRT sees the official school curriculum as a culturally specific artifact designed to maintain a White supremacist overcome script(p. 36).Unfortunately, interpreting to make people inferior to another is what people in general do. One can say this started when white supremacist would talk down to people and in older times owned them as slaves. few races of people now do that to make others seem better than others, when there is no nee d. Some can not stand for someone to be better than us. There is a need to picture and break others down, just to make themselves feel better.The first reprehension of the Critical Race Theory would be that, Critical Race theorists face the task of challenging deeply ingrained mental structures that categorize and define race to the disadvantage of blacks and other nonwhite groups (Rossing p.6) Change is always hard to adjust to and when people are stuck in their ways, it is nearly impossible to get them to change their minds once it is already made up.Another criticism of CRT, many mainstream legal scholars of various ethnicities have criticized CRT for its use of narrative and storytelling. Judge Richard Posnerof the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit in Chicago has labeled critical race theorists and post redbrickists the lunatic core of radical legal egalitarianism( http//www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Critical_race_theory). Judge Posner is basically sayi ng Critical Race Theorist are crazy people who try from a far-reaching radical group trying to bring social justice to others.A third criticism would be Critical Race Theory also analyzes and challenges the terms that we associate with societys changing definitions of reality and truth (Rossing p.9). Because this theory is based on the exact words from people, there is the thought that crosses the minds of all is who is judging and wonders if they are telling the truth or making this up. Once doubt has entered your mind you will continue to second guess the decision that has been made from that point on.Critical Race Theory is a movement that studies and attempts to transmute the relationship between race and power by examining the role of race and racism within the foundations of modern culture. As far back as the principles of Enlightenment thought that form the basis for many modern views of equality and law as a movement, it has moved beyond law and has now become viridity in the academic disciplines of ethnic studies, political science and education (http//reachinformation.com/define/critical%20race%20theory.aspx).People who would not like this theory are people who think that we have laws and we need to abide by those laws down to the meaning without many different interpretations. When in court some lawyers and judges may not leave behind any un-written theories or studies that are not documented by court, giving a reason of how do we know this person is telling the truth? In reality, people misuse the system to get what they can gain, so who is to say that they are not telling the truth?The CRT Theory is useful for being able to tell my side of the story of how I have been mistreated if anyway. For example, a co-worker who was not of African American descent, who felt he could talk down to me, and could try and make me feel inferior to him, by making inappropriate jokes and making unethical decisions. If I was to make a complaint my rail line would have me write up a statement and participate in a possible showdown detailing what happened and how I was offended..