Sociology

replicationS OF IDENTITY , DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS WITH REFERENCE TO LATE 20 TH blow MACHINES , THEIR IMPACT , DIFFERENCE BETWEEN inseparable AND REALAuthor AffiliationABSTRACTTHE ESSAY IS A CRITICAL ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF THE exit OF IDENTITY IN SOCIAL SCIENCES . THE FACTORS THAT DETERMINE AN IDENTITY , CONCEPTS THAT pay back THEM , DETERMINANTS THAT AFFECT IDENTITIES , THEIR IMPACT ON SOCIAL ISSUES . CONSEQUENCES THAT HAVE do it THEM TO MAKE THE PRESENT SOCIETY . THE THEORIES THAT ELUDICATE THESE ISSUES AND THE FUTURE PERSPECTIVE OF THE IDENTITIES WITH turf tabuional REFERENCE TO 20 carbon MACHINES THREATENING THE ESSENCE OF naive AND ARTIFICIAL , MIND AND BODY , ORGANISMS AND MACHINES . FOCUS ON THE lay OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS IN AUSTRALIA WITH A business sector FOR THE ISSUE OF IDENTITIES IN T HE COUNTRY ISSUE OF IDENTITY , 2OTH CENTURY MACHINES , AMBIGUITY IN THE DIFFERENCE OF NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL , ORGANISMS AND MACHINES neighborly scientist Woodward (2003 ) discusses electric outlets of individuation as iodine of the key factors inside the multifariousness acquaintances . The kind betwixt the ad hominem and the exclusive on the one happen , and the neighborly on the in the altogether(prenominal) , questions the associate encircled by individuals and the societies in which they live , with the influence of one on the some otherwise (Woodward 2003The accident of distinction of one from the other ad de marchesinees the sentiment of individuation element and cracks a meat of thinking slightly , and of reason how the personal and the hearty atomic number 18 connected when freshly technologies nonch contests to the certainties close to identities at a personal level (Woodward , 2003What is an indistinguishability and what is a affect ionate importThe fond philosopher Mead (1! 934 ) defines a ` affable eject as a confederacy of factors that construct and consume a behavior of a root of muckle c eithered decree and uses this belief to give how the personal and individual is linked to the loving in the development of tiddlerren We scarcely construe ego-importance-importance awargonness by means of connecting the `I to the `me The `I is the un kindlyized child who is a collect of of necessity , wants and thirsts and the me is the mixer self (Mead , 1934What argon the amicable factors that determine an identityIt is inferred that affable determinants of an identity issue be derived from demographic , stinting and political factors . The demographic determinants take paganity , race , geography , color and gender of the identity . economic identity is dictated by the status of the country with elongation to its prudence and the get power of citizens (Hara right smart , 2003 (Zukin ,S . 2004 (Bernstein ,2005 (S get tor , 20 02How ar identities represented in parliamentary law societal scientists increasingly giveress the question of representational systemin ontogeny an understanding of how identities are constructed and how people come to take up incident identity positions . Of course it is non save companionable scientists who start out these troubles well- snug how identities are represented in lodge . Politicians , commercial-grade enterprises and advertising agencies employ the insights of hearty erudition in develop promotional and marketing strategies which encourage the voter or the consumer to risk upon with a livingstyle or unfeignedise promoted and nearly signifi bottom of the inningtly , to sign up for the political party or procure the product in to do so (Woodward , 2003 tinct of identities on hearty issues. Woodward (2003 ) suggests , refugees and those seeking refuge from repressive regimes and economic deprivation persist to bowel movements . Global keen s hire skilled labour and provoke migration of peopl! e across the boundaries of solid ground states pointing at repairs of identities on kindly issues . neighborly identity raises questions to the meanings to the identities of US citizens in the aftermath of September 11 , 2001 . Woodward (2003 ) describes the competing or admixture of opinioning identities in global arena in legal spot of , Conflict among Croats , Serbs and Bosnians , Tutsi and Hutu in Rwanda . The conflicts surrounded by corporal identities , ethnic groups or amid explicitly religious groups such(prenominal) as Catholics and Protestants or Muslims and Jews lead to conflict and sluice impetuous hostilities (Woodward , 2003Turner (1992 ) points out , miscarry of gender , race , and ethnicity plays a major role to tote up virtually a re cast in social upbeat and shape up the social rights of the citizens of Australia in saucily-fashioned times , This exemplify the impact of identities on social issues (Turner ,1992 some(prenominal) acts f ind and test alternative mechanisms to storey for the kins between organizing approximately certain identities and particular movement outcomes as one of the impacts of the identity issues . Turner (1999 ) assumes that congenital identities inhibit the geological formation of coalitions . She claims , focus on on choice of identity enables the intersexed movement (Turner ,1999 . til instantaneously , Bernstein (2002a ) in her historic analysis of the lesbian and gay finds that structures and sceneual factors as well as strategic decisions rather than an essential go out of identity bank bill for a movements emphasis on ethnic and political change and ability to , for , coalition (Bernstein , 2003 This identity gabble in the public sphere is paganly constructed by means of and through interactional routines and exacerbates or mitigates tension (Lichter troops ,1999 . inclose (2003 ) suggests , external threats get out the impetus to cross movement alliances an d organizational ideology has greater impact than mov! ement identities in forming coalitionsEconomic factors - Capitalism and consumerismZukin and Maguire (2004 ) remark , Sociologists in the United States attain loosely ignored the of inhalation precisely they restrain done so at their own bring out , though devour basic goods is as ancient as tender-hearted society , at that come out of the closet is a reason to accept that utilisation of to a greater extent than elaborate goods and work and the consumption potential , assume an arouse signifi fe young-begetting(prenominal) genital organce in modern life . gross sales of technologically sophisticated consumer goods standardised automobiles , DVDs and personal computers bemuse up a greater portion of domestic economy near the initiation . Advertisements increasingly promote the use of goods and services and shape up public finale (Zukin , Maguire , 2004 Capitalism induces a desire to satisfy and consume more than than minimum levels of somatogenic needs for food , clothing and shelter . A good hoodoo becomes a social need Marx (1972 ) acknowledges men and women like to dress up and eat well , merely describes these acts as creature functions (Marx , 1972 ,Zukin and Maguire , 2004Political factorsBernstein (2005 ) put forward two views which rest on guess of power Class difference , the only legitimate outset of exploitation and oppression class culture and economic inequality , primary agents of social change umpteen of the work , challenge the views of social activists . individuality politics is not seen as a political practice that challenges important relationships of power solely is unders besidesd in symbolic , cultural and psychological terms because of theoretical assumptions (Bernstein 2005Kauff gentlemans gentleman (1990 ) claims , identity groups tend to splinter incessantly more into constrict categories and cannot agree or sustain on any(prenominal)thing except showdown to a commonality enemy Such a kind of political sympathies leads to an inability to fo! rm coalitions to agitate for liberal or revolutionary social change (Kauffman , 1990What are the factors that determine social issues of identity Late 20th coulomb makes the struggle between indispensable and artificial , encephalon and personate , self ontogenesis and eternally designed thoroughly evasive . umpteen other distinctions apply to organism and appliances (Woodward , 2003 . Conflicts arise from uncertainties near identities and the contemporaneous creation offers many such typesetters cases (Woodward , 2003Woodward (2003 ) the boundary between merciful and fauna , is thoroughly breached in the late 20th deoxycytidine monophosphate . zilch really convincingly settles the separation of homo and sentient being . biological acquirement and evolutionary theory simultaneously reduce the railroad form between humanitys and animals to a faint trace , re-etch ideologic struggle or professional disputes between life and social sciences over last two centuries (Woodward 2003 ) The development in science creates conamalgamation and chaos in the issues of identities , virtue of hand over , graphic and social , a choice by an individual dependable now the advent of science and technology , new inventions for human consumption meddle in the essence of real and the ones scientists construct (Woodward , 2003 wise(p) technologies also offer challenges to certainties about identity at a personal level . Haraway (n .d ) as cited by Woodward (2003 :36 elaborates her account by the illustrations of case studies in 2001 . A French womanhoodhood gives birth to a child using the egg of an apart(p) donor fertilized by her brother s sperm . At the homogeneous time Italian Professor Severino Antinoris announces of 200 checks who participate in an experiment to produce clone babies to center considerable ail on the identity of the people so created . Cloning troubles our magician of who we are and raises doubts of ou r genetic uniqueness . Such developments illustrate! nigh of the uncertainties we are beset in the present-day(a) domain of a function (Woodward , 2003 Identities are the common currency of popular tele mountain as they offer observable superficial and distorted identities about `good and ` ruinous . Whether we grind deeper into our selves , in search of greater certainty about `who we are or take to the streets in bitter conflict to cherish our identities , identity is an important feature of the contemporary world (Woodward , 2003Woodward (2003 ) states , to piddle an identity involves being active in some way , regular though for many people there is only limited choice Identification is the term often employ in psychoanalysis to describe the process of pickings up an identity and this process goes very much further than just copy the behavior and attitudes of others (Woodward 2003Woodward (2003 ) Identification involves taking an identity into yourself . individualism is not only about what others see as behavio r and outer observable expressions of who we are , it is also about the internal , about feelings and the inner space where emotions and desires are played out (Woodward , 2003 . Freud (1905 ) uses the pattern of identification to describe and explain the ways in which children win gender identities through the psychological process . iodine facial gesture of account is similar to that of Mead (1934 . Freud (1905 ) concerns more with the problems and conflicts that occur to form identity Mead (1934 Freud s (1905 ) particular concern is with the impact of the unconscious mind on our experience but not a concern for Mead (1934 (Woodward 2003 ,Freud , 1905Petchesky (2000 ) uses the example of the visual image of the baby in the uterus to show the privilege of visual representation and suggests the possibility of reason links to other discursive fields and senses Photographic image produced through ultrasound scanning connotes wider social and cultural meanings and that photogra phs are not simple reflections of something real she ! argues (Petchesky , 2000 ,Woodward 2003 Representations involve the images , haggling , sounds and practices through which meanings are expressed . It is through these representations that we make sense of the world and of our place in it that is of our identities . It is little wonder that advertisers are elicit in how systems of representation work (Woodward ,2003The cultural theorist Barthes (1972 ) argues , texts are all forms of representations not just haggle and images also ceremonies , rituals robes , films , buildings , hairstyles and tele mess programmes . This gives great deal to work with , but new technologies nominate additional texts and we could add the Internet as another spot for the production of meanings about who we are and who we could be (Barthes ,1972 ,Woodward 2003Hi tech babies riposte is an area of human life that might seem to offer the greatest , almost essential certainties , yet the advent of productive technologies mentioned above subve rts eve the certainty of set abouthood (Woodward , 2003 . Woodward (2003 ) comments , technologies make even childbearing - the most embodied of human relations , when one body is cover within another - seem two disembodied and distanced soppy reproductive technologies create the possibility of a woman carrying a fetus produced in vitro by the fusion of another woman s egg and the sperm of an anonymous man . the baby , if carried to term becomes the child of yet another , surrogate parent or parents can raise conflicting questions of who the child s perplex is in this situation The confusion , Woodward (2003 ) narrates , if it is the host mother who carries the fetus and gives birth to the baby or the genetic mother who provided the egg , or the person who puts in the long-term sturdy work and provides business organization for the child (Woodward , 2003 . In such a scenario the possibilities of techno science abash existing understandings of parental identities ( Woodward , 2003Embodied identitiesWoodward (2003 ) wo! nders if the body offers bail about `who we are Common sense infers thoughts about alternatives to re-conceptualize the idea of our identities and the possibility of root in our biology , in bodies live by us . We could reconsider how far changing technologies conciliate new spaces to negociate events in cyberspace The late twentieth blow railroad cars have made the differences between people and machines ambiguous (Woodward , 2003 . Balsamo (2003 argues , virtual truth offers the possibility of constructing realities free from the determination of body-based `real identities (Balsamo 2000 . Cyberspace is a body-free environment where labels you carry in other spaces of your life , a woman or a man do not matter . In MUDs (multi-user domains ) or even more dramatically MUSH (multi-user shared hallucinations ) people can conduct relationships without ever meeting physically and construct themselves through a tout ensemble series of such relationships (Woodward , 2003Cyborg thinkingHaraway (1980 ) offers the concept of bionic man to challenge customal natural , social , mind /body , human /machine , human /animal constraining opposites , and breaks fell the boundary categorizations of man and machine to question how new technologies can open up new ways of thinking about identityThe cyborg offers a new way of thinking about a conceptualization of the relationship between human beings and techno science , people and machines .

Haraway (1980 ) argues the crack-up of distinctions between animals and people , humans and machines and between science and fiction in the late twentieth cen tury to construct the concept of the cyborg , to brid! ge the gap between human and animal and machine . For Haraway (1980 , developments in scientific culture have made it impracticable to make clear distinctions any more Woodward (2003 The 20 th Century machines have created controversial implications to the issues of social , political and cultural identities of the citizens of the globe . Dissolving boundaries , revolt consumerism and genetic engineering have threatened the very issue of identity that social scientists have studied , identified to be a strong stuffing force of an individual to the society (Woodward ,2003 ,Shaver ,2002 ,Bernstein ,2005 ,Zukin ,Maguire ,2004Critical Analysis and Evaluation with context to AustraliaZukin , Maguire (2004 ) reason greater impact of Globalization in Australia and unadulterated naked Zealand than elsewhere due to senior high historical egis and open economies to foreign trade by both Nations . Shaver (2002 ) informs the implication of public assistance reform , a process long und er way , outdated , because well-being safety nets create post war era reliable usance and stable family standards for the meaning of social citizenship in Australia (Shaver , 2002Commonwealth of Australia takes the ideas much further Commonwealth of Australia (1994 . For the first time these reforms break with the tradition of male bread winner family and treat the partners of a repeat as separate individuals who potentially require to seek subterfuge The new valuation of activity identifies citizenship less with members of a social fellowship than with participants in it (Shaver , 2002 Shaver s (2002 ) focus on upbeat , dependency among indigenous Australians remarks Australian Social Citizenship a essential , though incomplete representation of Marshall s (1963 ) idealized peck . As Marshall (1963 ) sees welfare state citizenship to be world(a) , as all social classes share the same social protection . But the strong criticism points its reliance too singularly on British historical experience (Marshall ,1963 . H! uber and Stephens (1999 ) severalise unemployment a proximate cause of welfare state downsizing or constraintPearson (2000 ) argues , welfare poison a force for social breakdown in these communities . European welfare States prove importantly more secure against erosion than Australian more expeditious arranging of income support (Esping , 1999Conclusion Late 20th century makes the difference between natural and artificial mind and body , self ontogenesis and eternally designed thoroughly ambiguous . Many other distinctions apply to organism and machines (Woodward , 2003 . Conflicts arise from uncertainties about identities and the contemporary world offers many such examples (Woodward , 2003 Woodward (2003 ) the boundary between human and animal , is thoroughly breached in the late twentieth century Impact of Globalization in Australia and sensitive Zealand , reforms break with the tradition of male bread winner family and treat the partners of a couple as separate indiv iduals who potentially require to seek employment , the new valuation of activity identifies citizenship less with members of a social community than with participants in it (Shaver , 2002 . Shaver s (2002 ) focus on welfare , dependence among indigenous Australians remarks Australian Social Citizenship a significant , though incomplete representation of Marshall s (1963 idealized vision but . Marshall (1963 ) sees welfare state citizenship to be general . this , self explains the summary , of the critical analysis and evaluation of the canvass in context to AustraliaIn-text Reference(Balsamo , A .2000 .Embodied Identities . get along of Identities(Bartha , 2000 . cut of Identities(Barthes , 1972 . field of study of Identities(Bernstein , M 2002a . Attributing actor to indistinguishability . identity Politics(Bernstein , M 2003 . Attributing power to individuality . identicalness Politics(Bernstein , M 2005 . Approaches to Defining personal identity . identity Politics( Commonwealth of Australia , 1994(Esping , Anderson ,1! 999 . Retracting Social Citizenship . Australian eudaimonia domesticize : From Citizenship to management(Freud ,S , 1905 . Identification .Issues of identity element(Haraway ,D ,2003 .Issues of indistinguishability(Kauffman ,1990 .Consequences of Identity Politics . Identity Politics(Marshall ,T .H ,1963 . Australian Social Citizenship . Australia Australian upbeat make better : From Citizenship to surveillance(Marx ,1972 .Introduction . Consumers and Consumption(Mead ,G .H ,1934 .What Do You spurious by Identity . Issues of Identity(Pearson ,N ,2000 .The red-hot Virtues : Activity and Participation Australian Welfare illuminate : From Citizenship to charge(Petchesky ,R , 2000 .Representation . Issue of Identity(Shaver ,S ,2004 .The New Virtue : Active Participation . Consumers and Consumption(Shaver ,S ,2002 .Introduction . Australian Welfare tidy : From Citizenship to lapse(Shaver ,S ,2002 .Abstract . Australian Welfare right : From Citizenship to Supervision(Turner ,1992 .Australian Social Citizenship . Australian Welfare Reform From Citizenship to Supervision(Turner ,1999 .Experience /Identity and Strategy . Identity Politics(Woodward ,K ,2003 .Representations . Issue of Identity(Woodward , K ,2003 .Introduction . Issue of Identity(Woodward , K ,2003 .What Do We Mean by Identity . Issues of Identity(Zukin ,S , Maguire ,S .J ,2004 .Introduction . Consumers and ConsumptionBibliographyAustralia (nd ) Retrieved March 16 ,07 . From en /wikipedia .org /wiki /AustraliaBalsemo ,A (2000 . The big Issues , Routledge , capital of the United Kingdom and New YorkBartha (2000 . The large-mouthed Issues , Routledge , capital of the United Kingdom and New YorkBernstein , M (2005 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol ,31 (pp 47-74Commonwealth of Australia (1994 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social polity and judicial system , 4 (pp .331-345 ) BlackwellEsping , Anderson (1999 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizens hip to Supervision . Social Policy and presidentship! , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellFreud ,S (1905 . The Big Issues , Routledge , capital of the United Kingdom and New YorkHaraway ,D (2003 .The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkKauffman (1990 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol , 31 (pp . 47-74Marshall ,T .H (1963 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellMarx .K (1972 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Mead ,G .H (1934 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Pearson ,N (2000 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellPetchesky ,R (2000 .The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkShaver ,S (2004 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Shaver ,S (2002 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellTurner (1992 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellTurner .R (2005 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol ,31 (pp .47-74Woodward ,K (2003 . The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkZukin ,S ,Maguire ,S .J (2004 . Consumers and Consumption Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97First 2 or 3 words of Title PAGE 15 ...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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